Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Early life [ ] Nazarbayev was born in, a rural town near, when Kazakhstan of the. His father was a poor labourer who worked for a wealthy local family until Soviet rule confiscated the family's farmland in the 1930s during 's policy. Following this, his father took the family to the mountains to live out a nomadic existence. His family's religious tradition was. [ ] Nazarbayev's father, Abish, avoided compulsory military service due to a withered arm he had sustained when putting out a fire.

At the end of the family returned to the village of Chemolgan, and Nazarbayev began to learn the. He performed well at school, and was sent to a boarding school in. After leaving school, Nazarbayev took up a one-year, government-funded scholarship at the Karaganda Steel Mill in. He also spent time training at a steel plant in, and therefore was away from Temirtau when riots broke out there over working conditions. By the age of twenty, he was earning a relatively good wage doing 'incredibly heavy and dangerous work' in the blast furnace. Nazarbayev joined the in 1962, becoming a prominent member of the Young Communist League.

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And full-time worker for the party, and attended the Karagandy Polytechnic Institute. He was appointed secretary of the Communist Party Committee of the Karaganda Metallurgical Kombinat in 1972, and four years later became Second Secretary of the Karaganda Regional Party Committee. In his role as a bureaucrat, Nazarbayev dealt with legal papers, logistical problems, and industrial disputes, as well as meeting workers to solve individual issues. He later wrote that 'the central allocation of capital investment and the distribution of funds' meant that infrastructure was poor, workers were demoralised and overworked, and centrally set targets were unrealistic; he saw the steel plant's problems as a microcosm for the problems for the Soviet Union as a whole. Rise to power [ ]. Nazarbayev (second from left) at the signing of the, December 1991.

In 1984, Nazarbayev became the (Chairman of the Council of Ministers), under, the of the. At the sixteenth session of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan in January 1986, Nazarbayev criticized Askar Kunayev, head of the Academy of Sciences, for not reforming his department. Dinmukhamed Kunayev, Nazarbayev's boss and Askar's brother, felt deeply angered and betrayed. Kunayev went to and demanded Nazarbayev's dismissal while Nazarbayev's supporters campaigned for Kunayev's dismissal and Nazarbayev's promotion.

[ ] Kunayev was ousted in 1986 and replaced by a Russian,, who despite his office had little authority in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev was named party leader on 22 June 1989, only the second Kazakh (after Kunayev) to hold the post. He was () from 22 February to 24 April 1990. [ ] On 24 April 1990, Nazarbayev was named the first by the. He supported Russian President against the.

Nazarbayev was close enough to Soviet leader for Gorbachev to consider him for the post of; however, Nazarbayev turned the offer down. The Soviet Union disintegrated following the failed coup, though Nazarbayev was highly concerned with maintaining the close economic ties between Kazakhstan and Russia. In the country's first presidential election, held on 1 December, he appeared alone on the ballot and won 91.5% of the vote. On 21 December, he signed the, taking Kazakhstan into the.

Presidency [ ]. Big boss oil less fryer parts. Nazarbayev with US President at the White House in September 2006. Nazarbayev renamed the former State Defense Committees as the Ministry of Defense and appointed as on 7 May 1992.

The, under the leadership of Speaker Serikbolsyn Abdilin, began debating over a draft constitution in June 1992. The constitution created a strong with limited on executive power. Opposition political parties, and the, held demonstrations in from 10–17 June calling for the formation of a and the resignation of the government of Prime Minister Sergey Tereshchenko and the Supreme Council. The, composed of Communist Party legislators who had yet to stand in an election since the country gained independence, adopted the constitution on 28 January 1993. An April 1995 extended Nazarbayev's term until 2000. He was re-elected in January 1999 and again in December 2005. The criticised the last presidential election as falling short of international democratic standards.

On 18 May 2007, the approved a which allowed the incumbent president—himself—to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms. This amendment applied specifically and only to Nazarbayev: the original constitution's prescribed maximum of two five-year terms will still apply to all future presidents of Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev appointed, who at the time served as the Minister of Culture, Information and Concord, the Secretary of the Kazakh Security Council, replacing, on 4 May 2001. Tazhin became the Chairman of the, replacing. Musayev became the head of the Presidential Security Service. Notwithstanding Kazakhstan's membership in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the ), under Nazarbayev the country has had good relations with. Diplomatic relations were established in 1992, and President Nazarbayev paid official visits to Israel in 1995 and 2000.